Ancient tradition of Rajdharma

   The scriptures of Rajashastra and Dandaniti Bha have been present in Ratvarsha since ancient times. This is also called economics. All the theologians have analyzed Rajdharma holistically, because Rajdharma is a subject of special importance. Many functions and duties of the king are mentioned in Apastamba Dharmasutra and Baudhayana Dharmasutra. Rajdharma is discussed in detail in the Mahabharata's Anusandha Parva and Shanti Parva. For the protection of religion, Brahmaji wrote a great book consisting of one lakh chapters in which there was a detailed discussion of Dharmashastra, Arthashastra, Kamashastra and Mokshashastra, this is stated in Shanti Parva from Chapter 59 Verse 29 to 52 -
Brahmaji wrote a great book consisting of one lakh chapters. In the said book, four efforts were discussed and the three types of punishments were also discussed. The three categories of punishment are - location, growth and decay. That is, protection of the condition of the rich, increase of the righteous rich and destruction of the unrighteous rich. Similarly, in the trivarga of salvation, Satva Guna, Rajo Guna and Tamo Guna were discussed in depth. Then he wrote what policy should be adopted by the state towards soul, country, time, solution, work and helpers etc. Then he described the vast knowledge of Vedatrayee, Anvikshiki, Varta and Dandaniti. Thereafter, the state propounded five measures for self-defence, characteristics of princes, appointment of ambassadors, intelligence system and protection, price, discrimination, punishment and neglect. Also explained the purpose of counselling, the use of discrimination, the results of success and failure of counselling. Analyzed the three sandhis of Uttam, Madhyam and Adham and described the types of finance sandhi, hospitality sandhi and fear sandhi, increase of one's friends, abundant accumulation of treasure, destruction of enemy's friends and loss of enemy's treasure for these four purposes. He analyzed the opportunities of attacking the enemy and told the secrets of conquering religion, conquering wealth and conquering demons. Described the characteristics of minister, nation, fort, army and treasury and the types of good, medium and bad. Described the overt and covert armies, which have many differences. Elephant, horse, chariot, foot, Vishti, boatman, spy and Guru - these eight analysis of military organs and use of movable and immovable poisons gave knowledge of destructive medicines like Ka and Churna Yoga etc. Discussed enemy, friend and indifferent. He told the qualities and characteristics of the route and the land, told the methods of self-defense and various methods to strengthen the army. Explained the different types of strategy formation and battle skills and also told the ways to fight war and to flee well if necessary. Gave knowledge of protection and use of weapons. There were also measures in that scripture to protect the army from calamities, continuously increase the joy and enthusiasm of the army, and from time to time to test the devotion of the foot soldiers to the Lord, etc. Digging a ditch around the fort, getting the army ready for war and going on a campaign, tormenting the enemy's kingdom with thieves and wild robbers, causing harm to the enemy through spies, distinguishing among the important people of the enemy, harvesting their crops when necessary. Brahma ji also described the measures like destroying, provoking the elephants and creating terror among the people and instilling confidence in the enemy on his own. Then, how the state consisting of seven parts grows and what are the reasons for its decline, it was explained in detail and the measures for the growth of the nation were also given and the method of crushing the powerful enemies or dealing with them as per the time was also given. Along with this, there were many other detailed descriptions in the said book, especially the method of increasing the treasury and the experiments of Maya.
Later Lord Shankar abbreviated this ethics. After that, Indra further summarized it and propounded the method of governance of the gods and also gave instructions for the kings. Thus, there is a very extensive list of Rajshastra pioneers in our religious scriptures, which is a proof of the establishment of Dandanitti and Rajshastra in India since ancient times. After Lord Shiva, that great Rajshastra was accepted by Devraj Indra. Then he further condensed it into a book of 5000 chapters, which was named Bahudantaka Rajshastra. Then Brihaspati, the god of great power and wisdom, further shortened it composed Barhaspatya Rajshastra of 3000 chapters. Thereafter, Mahayogi Shukracharya, with his infinite wisdom, condensed it into 1000 chapters. Since then its name became Shukraneeti.
The throne of the kingdom came from the great grandson of Virja, son of Manas. The gods requested Lord Vishnu to give them a great king who was eligible to become the king. Therefore, God created his mental son 'Virja'. But Virja decided to retire. Before him, by the order of God, Virja's son Kirtiman was born and then Kirtiman's son Kardam was born. Both of them moved ahead in the path of renunciation, then Kardam's son Anang was given the throne. From there the tradition of kingship started. Anang was a great political expert. His son Atibal also became a great expert in the policy of punishment. But while enjoying Rajyashri with the force of his stick, he came under the control of his senses. Then his daughter's son Ven was given the throne, but due to attachment and hatred, he deviated from his dharma. Keeping in mind the safety of the people, the Veda knowledgeable sages killed Ven to save the crying people from his atrocities. From the point of view of the scriptures, this was the ultimate non-violence act. The sages churned the south thigh of Ven and created a person named Nishad. He was sent to live in Vindhyagiri, whose descendants became Nishads and other castes. 
This land was called Prithvi after the name of Maharaj Prithu. Thereafter the sages manifested another man by churning from the right arm of Vena. He became famous by the name Prithu and was a completely religious king. He nurtured the entire earth and because it was nurtured by him, this land came to be called Earth. All the gods and sages anointed Prithu to the throne and Prithu ruled the entire earth. Because of establishing the supremacy of religion in the entire world, King Prithu was called Mahatma and because of being the one who pleased the people and increased happiness, he was called the king. They were called Kshatriyas because they saved the Brahmins from harm. In this way the Kshatriya Shiromani Mahatma Raja Prithu became worshiped in the world. Lord Vishnu ordered him, O Nareshwar! You protect the kingdom by appointing spies all around, so that the demonic the powers cannot attack it- 

Tena Dharmottarashchayam Krito Loko Mahatmana l  Ranjitashcha Prajah Sarvastena Rajeti Shabdate ll 125 ll  Brahmananam Kshatratanata Tatah Kshatriya Uchyate l  Prathita Dharmatshcheyam Prithivi Bahubhih Smrita ll 126 ll   Sthapanam Chakarod Vishnuh Swayameva Sanatanah l  Nativartishyate Kashchid Rajamstvamiti Bharat ll 127 ll   Dandanitya Cha Satatam Rakshitvyam Nareshvara l Nadharshayeta Tatha Kashchicharanishpan dadarshnat ll 129 ll

Why should the people respect the king?

Further Lord Bhishma tells that O Yudhishthir! It should be understood why the people remain under the control of the king. It is because of the divine qualities of one who always maintains equanimity in mind and action and does good deeds towards all the subjects that the people consider the king as their master. Otherwise there is no reason why people should accept the subordination of one person. Shri is the companion of religion. Meaning originates from Sri Devi. In this way, due to the rule of a devout and religious king, Dharma, Artha and Sri are established in the state. A great virtuous person, after a little depletion of his virtues, comes to earth from heaven and is established as a king who is wise and wise and because of his wise rule, he is called a Mahatma

Atha Dharmasta TathaivavarthahShrishcha Rajye Pratishthita l
Sukritasya Kshayachchaiva Swarlokadaitya Medinim ll
Parthivo Jayate Tata Dandanitivisharadah l
Mahatvena Cha Sanyukto Vaishvena Naro Bhuvi ll
Buddhya Bhavati Sanyukto Mahatmyam Chadhigachchhati l

Bhishma says that a king is like any other human being, but due to his divine wealth and the result of religion and good deeds, people obey him.

Importance of punishment and penal policy

It is further stated that the reasons and obvious symptoms of the importance of punishment because of the policy and conduct that serves justice, the whole world keeps moving smoothly-

Mahatvat Tasya Dandasya Nitirvipashtalakshna l
Nayacharasya Vipuloyena Sarvamidam Tatam ll 138 ll

Pitamah Bhishma explains that Rajashastra includes these subjects - history, Vedas, justice, penance, knowledge, non-violence, truth and untruth and the element beyond both, service to the elderly, charity, internal and external purity, progress, love for all living beings. But Daya, Purana Shastra, the scriptures of the four Ashrams and the four Varnas and the four Vidyas, knowledge of constellations etc. and knowledge of pilgrimages and detailed knowledge of Yagya rituals. 
It is clear that only the one who knows all these sciences has the right to be called a worthy king and Mahatma king according to the Indian scriptures.

Common humanity

Further in the 60th chapter, Pitamah explains that generally any but do not get angry, speak the truth, protect property according to the scriptures. Fair distribution, forgiving attitude, having children from one's wifeorigin, external and internal purity and treachery towards living beings lack of knowledge and simplicity of mind and sustenance, capable people to nurture - these nine religions to be followed by all human beings. That is why these are universal religion, common religion, ordinary religion and human religions- are described by these names. Let the king see this should and should ensure through penal policy that all man can follow human religion, common religion, general religion or universal religion must follow religion.

Diverse castes

Apart from this, along with these general religions, a Brahmin should control his senses more than others and should self-study the Vedas and scriptures. While doing all this, if a donation is given to a Brahmin by the good family members of the society, then from that donation or from the money received as a result of doing Brahmin-appropriate deeds, when he gets the capacity to support the family, he can marry and give birth to a child or if he does not feel like marrying, then he can donate it. Donate all the money received to another deserving person and use it for Yagya.
A Kshatriya should give donations, but should never ask for donations. Yagya should be performed, but yagya for others should not be performed as a priest. Study, but do not teach. Always be ready to kill those who violate religion and robbers, dacoits and bandits and display bravery in the battlefield be done. Always be ready to do it. Historians never praise the Kshatriya who returns from the battlefield without any wound on his body. That is why war is the main religion of Kshatriyas. The destruction of the dastards who disrupt Sanatan Dharma and create any kind of disruption in the lives of good householders following Varnashrama Dharma and in the lives of celibates, Vanaprasthis and ascetics is the best deed of a Kshatriya. Whether the king does any other work or not, if he follows the people and protects them, then it is considered a well-deserved work i.e. a good deed.
Vaishyas should always remain industrious and take care of the farm animals and their property. The business of buying and selling should be conducted religiously and grains, crops and seeds should be protected. Similarly, those doing nursing work should do their service well. A virtuous Shudra can perform any religious act as per the royal decree. All people should always consider it their duty to take care of the Shudras and should never let them face shortage of food, clothing and other essential items. It is the religious duty to arrange the livelihood of the Shudra present in one's service, this is what the religious scholars say. If a master dies childless, his Pind Daan should also be performed by his servant Shudra. One should not abandon one's master under any circumstances. If due to some reason the owner's wealth gets destroyed, then the money left after raising the family should be used to support the infirm owner. Yagya is the religion of all four varnas. People of all classes should perform Yagya. But Swaha, Vashatkar and Vedic mantras are not used in the Yagya of Shudra. There have been many Shudras who have performed Yagya without these mantras and have donated thousands or even one lakh Purnapatras to Brahmins as Dakshina. People of all castes have performed the rituals of Yagyas and obtained the desired results from them. That is why all the castes consider the Brahmins who perform Yagya as gods. The rituals of Yagya are performed only as per the instructions of Brahmins. Along with this, emotional sacrifices are also performed through mental resolution, on which all the varnas have the right. That Yagya also becomes extremely sacred because of devotion. In fact, all the varnas have originated from Brahmins and hence basically all the varnas are descendants of Brahmins. That is why everyone is integral to the Brahmins. everyone should respect brahmin the last 47th verse indicating integrality is as follows - 1

Tasmad Varna Rijvo Gyativarnah 
Sansrijyante Tasya Vikaar Aeva l
Aekam Sama Yajurekamrigeka
Viprashchaiko Nishchaiya Teshu Shrishtah ll

That is, God has created all three varnas from Brahmins only. Therefore, the remaining three varnas are also actually disorders of Brahmins. That is, according to the scriptures, due to shortcomings and omissions in conduct and studies, these varnas are attained elsewhere. Just as Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda are created from one Omkar, similarly the remaining three varnas are distortedly derived from one Brahmin varna. Therefore, at the spiritual level they all have oneness with Brahman, because all forms have originally emerged from Brahman. That is why faith is the most important- 'Faith is important.'

Religions of Ashrams

After this, Grandfather Bhishma also discussed the religion of all the ashrams. Veda study should be completed in Brahmacharya Ashram. If a strong desire for salvation awakens in the mind of a celibate, then he has the right to take up Sannyasa directly. Otherwise one should enter Grihastha Ashram. Performing auspicious deeds and enjoying just food with the wife and having children is the religion of Grihastha Ashram. A householder should never be negligent in offering havya and poetry for the satisfaction of the gods and ancestors. One should donate food continuously and follow the remaining three Ashrams and one should live a life free from jealousy and hatred by being engaged in Yagya Yagya etc. Because by following the religion of Grihastha Ashram one definitely attains heaven. After enjoying the fruits of good deeds in heaven, when he returns to earth in human form in his next birth, all his desires are easily fulfilled here too.
After completing the responsibilities of Grihastha Ashram, a person, especially every Brahmin, should enter Vanaprastha Ashram alone if the wife goes with him, and if the wife experiences happiness at home with her children. There one should study Aranyaka Shastras and continue self-study while living a restrained life.
After that one should enter Sannyasa Ashram. While living there, he lived as a monk. Don't build any house of your own. Do not wish for any luxuries. Live your life with whatever is available and do not let any kind of disorder come into your heart. Be equanimous towards everyone and practice the knowledge of immortal Brahma.

The oldest tradition of Rajdharma has remained uninterrupted

Thus, it is the oldest tradition of Rajdharma promoted by Prajapita Brahma and it has been formulated and propounded in Indian scriptures since ancient times. Nowhere else in the world is a more ancient and detailed discussion of Rajdharma and political science found. This has also been given the names Nripniti, Dandaniti, Arthashastra and Rajshastra. Rajdharma has been written in detail in Apastamba Dharmasutra, Gautam Dharmasutra, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Markandeya Purana etc., because Rajdharma is the element and essence of all religions. The biggest objective of the world is to follow Rajdharma, because only through it everyone is followed. The protection and prestige of the entire living world depends only on Rajdharma. There is no concept of Rajdharma in European Political Science. Because the purpose of 'State' is not to protect and respect the living beings there. Therefore Rajdharma cannot be considered synonymous with the duties of the State. Because 'State' is not 'Rajya' in the Indian sense. It is a system of control and dominance over people, not a system of guardian and nurturer of folk tradition and religious tradition. Although in modern times, some of these things are being included in the duties of the 'State'.
Thus, the study of Rajdharma is not only necessary to know the knowledge tradition and governance tradition of India, it is also essential for the welfare of the world and to protect the worldwide Sanatan Dharma.