Life in Europe was very difficult until the 19th century

    There has been a discussion about Europe of the 20th century in India. But there are many misconceptions about Europe of the 19th century in countries outside Europe, especially in India and other countries of Asia and Africa. Therefore, it is necessary to know the facts, which have been written by European writers themselves.
First of all, it should be known that till the 16th century AD, the entire region which was first called Europe in the 19th century AD, had a very low population and the living conditions were extremely pathetic. States were being formed and destroyed every day. Various Christian sects fought bloody wars to eliminate each other and whatever information a country or a state of the present European region stole from other countries including India, that too was being stolen by other countries and other communities in various ways. Europeans have written many books on those thefts. Apart from this, the wealth looted from Asia, Africa and America (though these names have also been arbitrarily kept by these people in 17-18th century AD, these are not old names) and the boats and ships carrying that wealth were also looted. These were either looted by Muslim bandits in the sea or if they escaped, one European Christian country looted the cargo ship and wealth of another European Christian country.
Hundreds of important books have been written about Europe. One of them is Norman Davis' book 'Europe: A History'. This book was published in 1996 by Oxford University Press, New York and London. The writer has studied history from Oxford University, London and then has been studying and writing on the history of Europe and is an authentic European scholar.

At the beginning of the book itself, he writes: - "Earlier there was nothing called Europe." He tells that for 50 lakh years this was a crooked, wavy looking landmass in its entire length and width. But it had no name. It is like the mast of a ship at the northern tip of the largest continent on earth. To its west is the Atlantic Ocean, which no one has ever crossed. To the south is the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, to which this peninsula is locked and in which many island groups are scattered. To the north is the North Pole Sea and the icy expanse of the North Pole, which has been standing like a giant ice expanse for ages and the author writes that this ice expanse keeps on increasing, decreasing, shrinking and expanding. From the Alps in the west to the Urals and the Caucasus Mountains in the north-east, there are many disorganized mountain ranges and in the east is a thin land strip which is like a bridge built on land, through which many people and many civilizations from all over the world have been coming here. Europe's connection with the world has been connected only through this bridge-like land strip.
This description itself makes it clear that the people of Europe have not gone anywhere for centuries but people from all over the world have been coming there. The geological structure and climate there were such that when the ice gradually melted, people from Asia started coming and settling there. Where did they come from? They say that they came from Central Asia and on the basis of my studies I say that they came from India. In fact, the entire Europe was settled by the descendants of Bharat, which we will discuss with evidence later.
When did the last ice age come? Its general description is that the last ice age came here about 18,000 years ago and started melting 10,000 years ago. Some say 8,000 years ago, some say 10,000 years ago. They keep making different estimates. It takes centuries for such a huge mass of ice to melt. When the ice melted in one area, people from the neighbourhood came and settled there. In this way, after a gap, various groups came here. These people do not have any systematic history of this.
Another important reference book is 'World Atlas'. Its chief editor is Jeremy Blake and it was published simultaneously from London, New York Unique and Melbourne and later also published from Delhi. It is mentioned on page 170 of this that the last ice age started 18 thousand years ago and a very thick sheet of ice remained spread over the whole of Northern Europe which also includes England and Berlin for thousands of years. This ice started melting 8 thousand years ago. This formed a huge lake which the Europeans named Ancylus in 1887 AD (in the latter half of the 19th century AD). They say that later it took the form of the Baltic Sea.
In the above map of the earth, it is mentioned on page 170 that the ice started melting in 8000 BC and on page 174 it is mentioned that in 7000 BC some scattered groups of hunters settled here and there in the European region that emerged after the melting of the ice. This shows their assumption that after the continuous melting of ice for 1000 years, the land areas started looking normal. In the very next line on the same page it is mentioned that in 1000 BC scattered settlements spread from Balkan to Scandinavia and they started farming. Here we should remember that what is called 'village' in Europe are not the villages of India but are just scattered settlements of 10-20 or 25-30 people. On page 171, it is said that the people living in these settlements fought bloody wars with each other and kept moving from one place to another. The Mediterranean coast was more densely populated and many small kingdoms sprang up there. On the next page 172, he tells that the Pani people moved from their place towards the west in the 9th century BC and the Yavan people came in the 8th century BC and these people settled in the Mediterranean region. After them came the Romans. Their main focus was to travel around the rivers and streams connected to the sea coast by small boats. There were no roads there. The roads of Rome are mentioned but there is no historical proof of it.

It is written in modern European books that all the people who came here from 800 BC or 400 BC came from Central Asia. A series named 'People of Europe' has just started being published. According to which 33 major groups came to Europe from Central Asia and 54 small groups came. According to them, all of them came from Central Asia. The main groups that came are - Pani, Shak, Yavan, Balkan, Viking, Turk, Tatar, Vandal, Gaul, Celt, German i.e. Hun, Dude, Tudor, Angles, Section, Pole, Hungar, Slav, Czech, Tori, Pict, Finn, Norman, Sican, Elymian, Scythian, Harmanian etc. Out of these, Shak, Hun, Yavan, Pani, Turk, Dude etc. are well-known Bharatvanshi Kshatriyas.

Many countries of Europe are connected to the sea coast. That is why waterways have been the major means of coming and going there. Arctic Ocean in the north, Atlantic Ocean in the west and Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea in the south touch its borders. The inner land area is full of many disparities. The Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathian mountain ranges and hilly land followed by small plains and mostly dense mountain ranges in the south shape the land here. The plain of North Germany is the largest and after this the area of ​​Britain and Ireland connected to the North West Sea coast also has small plains. The area of ​​Spain and Portugal is called the Iberian Peninsula and the group of islands of Italy region is called the Italian Islands. Central Europe has many plateaus and river valley settlements.

There are many differences in Europe in terms of climate. Most parts are very cold. But the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean gives warmth to its coastal areas which reduces the coldness to some extent. The western coasts of Europe are comparatively warm. The people of Europe came to know about this Gulf Stream only in the 18th century AD.
While the capital of Russia, Moscow and the capital of Finland, Helsinki, are very cold, the temperature goes down to four degrees below zero, the minimum temperature of Rome is 12 degrees (in winter) and the maximum temperature is 30 to 32 degrees. The same is the case with Athens as well. In which the minimum temperature is 13 degrees and in summer the temperature is 32 to 40 degrees. London goes down to 5 to 8 degrees in winter and up to 23 degrees in summer. The same is the case with Paris as well. Which goes up to 24 or 25 degrees in summer. The temperature in Spain's capital Madrid goes up to 34 to 38 degrees in summer. Similarly, storms and tornadoes are also very common in London and Netherlands. In England, strong tornadoes come 33 to 35 times every year. In this way, before the invention of electricity, the life of most of the people here was very difficult and there was harshness in their behavior too. Actually, they started calling Rome and Greece (Yavan Rajya) as Europe only in the 19th century AD.
Here, the details of the book 'India' (published by Harper, London) by a famous writer named John Key are important. He says - 'Present India is equal to the whole of Europe, if the part of Soviet Union is separated from it.' Here, it should be noted that ancient India was spread till Central Asia and Afghanistan, Southern Iran, present Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar etc. were India till the 19th century AD and Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan etc. were also India till the 19th century. Therefore, that India has been equal to the whole of Europe including the entire Soviet Union.
John Key writes that this Indian subcontinent has unity and internal dynamism in its structure. In complete contrast to this is Europe, which is neither uniform nor has there ever been any mutual harmony or unity among its various parts. The landmass of Europe consists of divided landmasses which are very badly cut off from each other by mountain ranges and rivers and whose geo-structure itself makes it a group of separate units, isolated settlements and regional identities. That is why the people of every isolated area there have their own tribe and these have been unconnected tribes. That is why later they emerged as separate 'nations' and formed separate states. Because the inaccessible mountain ranges and fast flowing rugged rivers make movement from one region to another very difficult. That is why Europe seems to be made to be divided into fragments by its geographical structure itself. In contrast to this, it seems that India has been created by nature for unity. The mountains here can be crossed easily at intervals and the wide and vast rivers here have always been the means of water transport and there has been mutual movement in the entire Indian subcontinent since ancient times. The forests here have been very dense in the past but these are forests with a dry climate and hence movement in them is not as difficult as in Europe. There are no areas with huge icebergs in the middle of the subcontinent. Therefore, movement from one area to another is easy here throughout the year. John Key writes that kings and royal classes, armies, groups of warriors, scholars, religious leaders, priests, traders and craftsmen have been continuously coming and going everywhere in the whole of India. This is the basis of India's unity.
The forests here also have very useful forest produce, in which along with wood, important medicines, honey, gum etc. and other forest produce and fruits found in forests are found in abundance. Whereas the forests of Europe have been of very moist climate and inaccessible. There isn't such abundant forest produce there.
Therefore, it becomes clear how the climate and landform of Europe has been and is a hindrance in the unification of Europe. The mainland of Europe, which they call Continental Europe, is also full of swampy and inaccessible areas and the chain of inaccessible forests does not allow easy communication between its various regions. Along with this, there is an expansion of small islands in this region called Europe. That is why a large part of Europe remains empty. Most of it remains covered with snow and inaccessible most of the year. The climate is also harsh and difficult for humans. Most of the areas are extremely cold. Before the invention of electricity, that is, 150-175 years ago, its areas remained immersed in darkness most of the year and life was very difficult.
Due to the disparity of climate and complexity of landform, the life of the people of Europe was very difficult till the beginning of the 19th century AD. There was no knowledge of toilets and there was no knowledge of the method of defecation. That is why people used to keep a big container under their beds, which is called 'bed chamber' in English. All 10 to 15 people of the house used to defecate in that container and the feces used to remain in the room throughout the night. Before dawn, it used to be thrown on the road, which was cleaned by pigs for a long time by licking it. There was no knowledge of washing the feces stuck to the body and most of the people did not even have any way. Because neither water nor clothes were sufficient.
In 'Concepts of Europe' on page 7 of Norman Davis' book 'Europe a History', he says - 'Europe is a modern suffix. From the 14th to the 18th century AD, there was a process of gradually removing the suffix 'Christendom' and then after the 'Religious' Wars, finally the name 'Christendom' was replaced by the name 'Europe'.' In the same book, published on page 576, a picture is printed in Map No. 18, in which clearly different areas have different names and none of them was called Europe till then. These areas are - 'Holy Roman Empire' which was in the south of France and England, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Sweden, England, France and Spain.
The author also writes on page 10 of the book that in 1876 AD, when the discussion of naming Europe took place, Bismarck completely rejected the idea of ​​Europe. But at the same time he has also written that defining Europe has been a problem since the 16th century AD. On page 7, he has explained the whole process and said that 'Christian kingdoms have been fighting among themselves since the 16th century AD, that in the situation of these kingdoms being at war with each other, calling them all a part of the same 'Christendom' started seeming very strange to the rulers of Europe themselves. Due to the religious wars that lasted for generations, calling them a part of the same Christian community started seeming very awkward and shameful (the author's words are - 'It became an embarrassment'). When many kingdoms went to war against Louis the 14th, the enlightened people expressed great concern over this and appealed for mutual tolerance. This is what those European Christians called 'universal tolerance'. Because they did not know the world outside themselves and considered their own world to be universal. In the 18th century, for the first time, some enlightened people appealed that a big structure should be built. At that time, the idea of ​​giving some other name in place of Christian community was considered. However, in 1751 AD, Voltaire opposed giving a new name and thus the name 'Europe' was again postponed.'
The author has also mentioned on page 10 that Bismarck had opposed giving the name Europe even in 1876 AD and said that - 'Europe never existed till date. It will have to be created. It was not there and is not there.' Thus, in fact, the consensus on the name Europe was formed only in the last decade of the 19th century or the beginning of the 20th century AD.